Mendota Mental Health Institute

Selected References to the Training in Community Living (TCL)* Model and to Related Community Treatment Topics

*(Also known as the Program of Assertive Community Treatment, or PACT)
Madison, Wisconsin

Overviews of Model's Development, Replication, Dissemination and Impact in Wisconsin:

Stein, L.I., and Test, M.A. (Eds.). The Training in Community Living Model: A Decade of Experience. New Directions for Mental Health Services, no. 26. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.

Knoedler, W.H., Carpenter, E, McCabe, S.S., Rutkowski, P, Allness, D., Supporting people with Mental illness Regardless of Their Environment: The Wisconsin Experience.

Model Description and Research Findings of the Major Alternative to Mental Hospital Study:

Stein, L.I., Test, M.A. Alternative to mental hospital treatment: I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 392-397.

Weisbrod, B.A., Test, M.A., Stein, L.I. Alternative to mental hospital treatment: II. Economic benefit--cost analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 400-405.

Test, M.A, Stein, L.I. Alternative to mental hospital treatment: III. Social cost. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 409-412.

Stein, L.I., Test, M.A. (Eds.). Alternatives to Mental Hospital Treatment, New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

Description and Early Findings of In-Progress Longitudinal Study of Treatment of Young Adults With Schizophrenic Disorders:

Test, M.A., Knoedler, W.H., Allness, D.J. The long-term treatment of young schizophrenics in a community support program. In L.I. Stein and M.A. Test (Eds.), The Training in Community Living Model: A Decade of Experience. New Directions for Mental Health Services, no. 26. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.

Test, M.A., Knoedler, W.H.; Allness, D.J.; Senn Burke, S., Kameshima, S., Rounds, L. (1997). Comprehensive community care of persons with schizophrenia through the Programme of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT). In H.D. Brenner, W. Boker, & R. Genner Eds.), Toward a comprehensive therapy for schizophrenia (pp. 167-180). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.

Test, M.A. Training in Community Living. In Liberman R.P. (Ed.), Handbook of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992, pp.153-170.

Test, M.A., Knoedler, W.H., Allness, D.J., Burke, S.S., Brown, R.L., Wallisch, L.S. Long term community care through an assertive continuous treatment team. In C.A. Tamminga, S.C. Schulz (Eds.) Advances in neuropsychiatry and psychopharmacology: Vol. 1. Schizophrenia Research New York: Raven Press, 1991, pp.239-246.

Test, M.A., Knoedler, W.H., Allness, D.J., Kameshima, S., Burke, S.S. Seven years of continuous community treatment of young adults with schizophrenia: Results and implications. Paper presented at 11th International Symposium for the Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia, Washington, D.C. (June, 1994).

Test, M.A., Knoedler, W.H., Allness, D.J., Kameshima, S., Burke, S.S., & Rounds, L. Long-term care of schizophrenia: Seven year results. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, PA., (May, 1994).

Test, M.A., Burke, S. S., Wallisch, L.S. Gender differences of young adults with schizophrenic disorders in community care. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1990, 16, 331-344.

Application of Model to Rural Areas:

Allness, D.J., Knoedler, W.H., Test, M.A. The dissemination and impact of a model program in process, 1972-1984. In L.I. Stein and M.A. Test (Eds.), The Training in Community Living Model: A Decade of Experience. New Directions for Mental Health Services, no. 26. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.

Field, G., Allness, D., and Knoedler, W.H. Application of Training in Community Living program to rural areas. Journal of Community Psychology, 1980, 8, 9-15.

Related Topics:

Knoedler, W.H., The Continuous Treatment Team Model: Role of the Psychiatrist. Psychiatric Annals, 1989, 19, 35-40.

Olfson, Mark. Assertive Community Treatment: An Evaluation of the Experimental Evidence. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1990, 41, 634-641.

Stein, L.I., Test, M.A. Retraining hospital staff for work in a community program in Wisconsin. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1976, 27, 266-268.

Test, M.A., Stein, L.I. Practical guidelines for the community treatment of markedly impaired patients. Community Mental Health Journal, 1976, 12, 72-82.

Test, M.A., Stein, L.I. Use of special living arrangements: A model for decision-making. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1977, 28, 608-610.

Test, M.A. Continuity of care in community treatment. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 1979, 2, 15-23.

Test, M.A., Berlin, S.B. Issues of special concern to chronically mentally ill women. Professional Psychology, 1981, 12, 136-145.

Test, M.A., Wallisch, L.S., Allness, D.J., Ripp, K. Substance use in young adults with schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1989, 15, (3),

465-476

Cohen, L.J., Test, M.A., Brown, R.L. Suicide and schizophrenia: Data from a prospective community treatment study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1990, 147, 602-607.

Allness, D.J., Knoedler, W.H. The PACT Model of Community-Based Treatment for Persons with Severe and Persistent Mental Illnesses: A Manual for PACT Start-Up. Arlington, VA: NAMI, 1998.

Stein, L.I. and Santos, Assertive Community Treatment of Persons with Severe Mental Illness, W.W. Norton, 1998.

Literature Reviews on Community Support Programs:

Test, M.A. Community support programs. In A.S. Bellack (ed.). Schizophrenia: Treatment, Management, and Rehabilitation. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1984.

Test, M.A. Effective treatment of the chronically mentally ill: What is necessary: Journal of Social Issues, 1981, 37, 71-86.

Stein, L.I., Test, M.A., Marx, A.J. Alternatives to the Hospital: A Controlled Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1975, 132:5, 517-522.

Measurement of Components of PACT in Long Term Study:

Brekke, J.S., Test, M.A. An empirical analysis of services delivered in a model community support program. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 1987, 10, 51-61.

Brekke, J.S., Test, M.A. A model for measuring the implementation of community support programs: Results from three sites. Community Mental Health Journal, 1992, 28, 227-247.

Vocational Rehabilitation:

Knoedler, W.H. How the training in community living program helps patients work. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 1979, 2, 57-66.

Frey, J.L. and Godfrey, M. A comprehensive clinical vocational assessment The PACT approach, Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 1991, 22,2, 25-28.

Frey, J.L. The development of the PACT Vocational Capacity Profile for persons with severe mental illness, 1993, Dissertation under supervision of Norman L. Bervin, University of Wisconsin - Madison.

Russert, M.G. and Frey, J.L. The PACT vocational model: A step into the future. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 1991, 14, 4, 127-134.

Frey, J.L. Long term support: The critical element to sustaining competitive employment: Where do we begin? Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 1994, 17, 3, 127-134.

Ahrens, C.S. Factors Influencing Vocational Capacity in Persons with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness. Dissertation under the supervision of Ruth Torkelson Lynch, University of Wisconsin-Madison, (1997).

Vanden Boom, D. C. and Lustig, D.C. The Relationship Between Employment Status and Quality of Life for Individuals with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 1997, 28.

Ahrens, C.S., Frey, J.L., and Senn Burke, S.C. An Individualized Job Engagement Approach for Persons with Severe Mental Illness, Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, October/November/December, 1999.

Mendota Mental Health Institute
301 Troy Drive, Madison, WI   53704
Phone: (608) 301-1000  Fax: (608) 301-1358

Last Revised: October 24, 2008